A COMPLETE REVIEW–PRECISION DIAGNOSTICS TO PREECLAMPSIA BY USING DOPPLER ULTRA SONOGRAPHY, BIOSENSORS AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Mahalakshmi S. and Vijaya P. P.*

ABSTRACT

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multifactorial syndrome in 3 to 5% of pregnant women that occurs as new-onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation. PE is a leading cause of maternal mortality and fetal morbidity in the world, causing nearly 40% of births delivered before 35 weeks of gestation. New onset of hypertension (i.e. systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg) and proteinuria (> 300 mg/24 h) is described in women with first or multiple pregnancies. There is extensive evidence that the toxic combination of hypoxia, imbalance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, and inflammation results in the reduction of uteroplacental blood flow in this syndrome. Women treated for preeclampsia also have an increased risk for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Raman spectroscopy can be a suitable tool to determine biomarkers and several diseases were investigated on human body fluids such as whole blood and blood serum. The use of Doppler ultrasonography studies of the uterine arteries in the prediction of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. Preeclampsia will increase the expression of anti-angiogenic and oxidative stress molecules additionally as hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonodotrophin with a lower in the expression, proteases, placental proteins, etc. More encouraging efforts to avoid aspirin and calcium preeclampsia, but studies on modifiable risk factors, such as obesity surgery. Severe obstetric pre-eclampsia treatment focuses on blood pressure management and seizure prevention using magnesium sulfate, but the ultimate treatment remains delivery of the fetus and placenta.

Keywords: Preeclampsia; hypertension; Precision Diagnostics; Raman spectroscopy; Doppler Ultrasonography; Biosensors.