HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L. (ROSELLE): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF BOTANICAL, PHYTO-CHEMICAL, PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES

Madhushree K.*, Hanumanthachar K. Joshi

ABSTRACT

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae), commonly known as Roselle, is a medicinally and nutritionally important plant widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The present review compiles and critically evaluates information on its botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, traditional uses, and industrial applications. Botanically, H. sabdariffa is an erect, annual to short-lived perennial shrub characterized by reddish stems, palmately lobed leaves, pale yellow flowers with a dark red centre, and fleshy red calyces, which represent the most economically valuable part. The review summarizes taxonomic classification, geographical distribution, vernacular names, and Ayurvedic properties (Guna–Karma), highlighting its significance in traditional medicine systems. Microscopic and powder analysis of the calyx and leaf are discussed as essential tools for identification, authentication, and quality control. Phyto-chemical studies reveal the presence of diverse bio-active constituents, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, polysaccharides, pectin, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and phytosterols. The calyces are particularly rich in anthocyanins such as cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, which contribute to strong antioxidant activity. Pharmacological investigations demonstrate antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antifungal, diuretic, and anti-anaemic activities. Overall, Hibiscus sabdariffa exhibits significant therapeutic potential and economic importance, warranting further research and standardization.

Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Roselle, Anthocyanins, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Medicinal plant.