PARASITOLOGICAL RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF LETTUCE LACTUCA SATIVA ) SOLD AT OPEN AIR MARKETS IN THE CITY OF BOM JESUS DO ITABAPOANA, NO R THWEST REGION OF THE PROVINCE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Igor Villas Silva Gazeta Veríssimo, Fernan da Castro Manhães, Geovana Santana da Silva, Lígia Cordeiro Matos Faial, Clara dos Reis Nunes, Ademir Hilário de Souza, Fernanda Santos Curcio, Claudia Caixeta Franco Andrade Colete, Carolina Crespo Istoé, Renato Mataveli Ferreira Filho, Paulo Rob erto Blanco Moreira Norberg, Antonio Neres Norberg

ABSTRACT

Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) is a leafy vegetable recognized as a significant vehicle for neglected parasitic diseases, primarily due to its c ommon consumption in raw form and its exposure to inadequate agricultural and handling practices. This study aimed to assess the presence of enteroparasites in non hydroponic lettuce samples sold at open air markets, small retail outlets, and by informal v endors in the city of Bom Jesus do Itabapoana, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Thirty five samples were collected during the first half of April 2024 and analyzed using the spontaneous sedimentation technique in water, followed by microscopic examination for the detection of eggs, cysts, larvae, and other parasitic elements. Results revealed that 77.14% (26/35) of the samples were contaminated: 46.15% exclusively with protozoa, 26.92% exclusively with helminths, and 26.92% with both groups concurrently. Ident ified parasites included Cryptosporidium spp. (11.43%), Giardia spp. (20%), Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris spp., and Balantidium coli , as well as potentially zoonotic species such as Toxocara spp. Additionally, free living mites were detected in 28.57% of the samples, indicating shortcomings in post harvest hygiene procedures. The observed contamination rate substantially exceeds the global average and closely resembles patterns reported in certain regions of the Province of Espírito Santo, suggesting the influence of local factors, including the use of untreated water for irrigation, inadequate sanitation infrastructure, and substandard handling practices. The presence of parasites previously identified in fecal samples from local children and in the water s of the Itabapoana River supports the hypothesis of an ongoing cycle of environmental and foodborne contamination. These findings highlight a significant public health risk and underscore the urgent need for integrated policies encompassing improved sanit ation, monitoring of agricultural water quality, training of producers, and public health education campaigns targeting consumers.

Keywords: Food safety; Lettuce; Enteroparasites; Foodborn parasitoses; Bom Jesus do Itabapoana; Public Health.