INSUFFICIENT MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF BIOSYNTHESIZED (BIOGENIC/GREEN) NANOPARTICLES IN HUMAN APPLICATIONS: CHALLENGES, SIGNAL GAPS, AND PROTOCOL FOR TRANSFORMATION

Dr. Md. Taleb Hossain*

ABSTRACT

Biosynthesized (biogenic/green) nanoparticles (derived from plants, microbes, fungi, algae and biomolecules) have emerged as promising alternatives to chemically synthesized nanomaterials due to their low-cost, eco-friendly production and intrinsic bioactivity. Despite explosive growth in publications, mechanistic understanding of their interactions with human biological systems remains inadequate including physicochemical reproducibility, identification of capping biomolecules, nano bio interactions including protein corona formation, cellular uptake pathways, in vivo biodistribution or clearance, and longterm toxicity. Taken together, these deficiencies hinder clinical translation. This review considers the current mechanistic evidence, highlights methodological and analytical limitations, and proposes a multipronged research roadmap including standardized characterization, corona profiling, multi-modal imaging, omicsguided assays, and improved regulatory frameworks due to advance biosynthesized nanoparticles toward safe human use.

Keywords: Green nanoparticles, Mechanistic insufficiency, reproducibility, capping, research roadmap etc.