BIO-BASED NANOMATERIALS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL BUILDING SURFACES: PERFORMANCE, DURABILITY AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT

Balogun G. Y.*, Fatukasi B. A.

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for antimicrobial building surfaces, particularly in healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and public spaces, has driven significant research into bio-based nanomaterials as sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic antimicrobial agents. This comprehensive review examines the current state of bio-based nanomaterials for antimicrobial building surface applications, focusing on performance characteristics, durability assessments, and safety considerations. We analyze various categories of bio-based nanomaterials including chitosan nanoparticles, cellulose nanocrystals, lignin-derived nanocomposites, and essential oil-loaded nanosystems. The review synthesizes recent advances in fabrication techniques, antimicrobial mechanisms, and integration strategies for building materials. Key performance metrics, including antimicrobial efficacy, mechanical properties, and environmental stability are critically evaluated. Durability challenges such as UV degradation, moisture sensitivity, and mechanical wear are discussed alongside emerging solutions. Safety assessment protocols and regulatory considerations for bio-based nanomaterials in built environments are examined. The review concludes with identification of research gaps and future directions for developing commercially viable bio-based antimicrobial building surfaces that balance performance, sustainability, and human safety.

Keywords: bio-based nanomaterials, antimicrobial surfaces, building materials, sustainability, nanotechnology, safety assessment.