DIABETES MELLITUS: AN EVOLVING GLOBAL CHALLENGE IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

Dr. Mohammad Mohsin Ansari*

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents one of the most pressing global health challenges of the 21st century, with a rapidly rising prevalence that spans across socioeconomic and geographic boundaries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and the evolving landscape of diagnosis and management. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, while distinct in etiology, both contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality through acute and chronic complications affecting multiple organ systems. We explore the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contributing to the development of diabetes, as well as the growing impact of urbanization and aging populations. Advances in pharmacologic therapies, including novel glucose-lowering agents and personalized treatment strategies, are examined alongside technological innovations such as continuous glucose monitoring and insulin delivery systems. Furthermore, we address the global disparities in diabetes care, highlighting the need for integrated health policies, preventive strategies, and equitable access to resources. As diabetes mellitus continues to evolve as a global public health issue, a multidisciplinary and forward-thinking approach is essential to curb its impact and improve patient outcomes worldwide.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, global health, pathophysiology, management, endocrinology, public health.