A REVIEW ON DIABETES MELLITUS

Suryawanshi Krishna S., Khadkutkar Vijayananda K.*, Dr. Sanjay S. Dudhamal and Joshi Maharudra R.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder and a chronic severs diseases that occurs due to a deficiency of insulin or the destruction of the beta cells of pancreas, which results in high blood sugar levels, this can happen because the body does not produce enough insulin or is unable to effectively use the insulin it does produce. High blood sugar leads to symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger). Diabetes can cause many complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), foot ulcer, chronic kidney diseases (CKD), diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. There are main three types of diabetes: Type 1 DM or insulin independent diabetic mellitus (IDDM), where the body’s fails to produce due to autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This is also known as ―juvenile diabetes‖. Type 2 DM or non-insulin independent diabetic mellitus (NIDDM): This type caused by of Insulin resistances and beta-cell dysfunction leading to insufficient insulin production. It’s also known as ―adult-onset diabetes‖. Gestational diabetic is occurs when pregnant women due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. Various treatments are available for diabetic mellitus. Type 1 DM is managed primarily Insulin Therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and carbohydrates counting. Type 2 DM which is management of various medications controlled by orals hypoglycemic agents can cause low blood sugar then resulting the hypoglycemia. The Diagnosis of diabetic mellitus which used by diagnostic test include fasting blood glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1 c (HbA1c), urine glucose test, and C-peptide test. Diabetes mellitus is currently an incurable, and without proper treatment, it can lead to severe complication.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, cause and treatment.