A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF CONJUNCTIVITIS: ITS CAUSES, OBSERVABLE SYMPTOMS, METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENTS

Juveriya Israr*, Neda Fatima, Shabroz Alam and Afsheen Fatima

ABSTRACT

Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, is a prevalent ocular condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the eye's surface and lining the inner eyelids. It manifests with symptoms such as redness, itching, tearing, discharge, and sometimes blurred vision. Conjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including viral and bacterial infections, allergies, irritants, or underlying systemic conditions. Viral conjunctivitis, often associated with adenovirus, typically presents with unilateral or bilateral involvement and may be accompanied by symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. Bacterial conjunctivitis, caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly leads to a purulent discharge and is highly contagious. Allergic conjunctivitis, triggered by allergens like pollen or pet dander, manifests with itching, tearing, and redness, often in both eyes. Irritant conjunctivitis results from exposure to chemicals or environmental pollutants, leading to irritation and inflammation of the conjunctiva. Diagnosis of conjunctivitis is primarily clinical, based on history and examination findings, although laboratory testing may be warranted in certain cases. Management varies depending on the underlying cause but often includes supportive measures such as lubricating eye drops, cold compresses, and, in some cases, topical or systemic medications to alleviate symptoms and reduce inflammation. Prevention strategies focus on promoting good hygiene practices, avoiding allergens or irritants, and minimizing contact with infected individuals to reduce the risk of transmission. Overall, conjunctivitis represents a significant public health concern due to its prevalence, impact on quality of life, and potential for transmission, underscoring the importance of effective prevention, diagnosis, and management strategies.

Keywords: Conjunctivitis, Pink eye, Inflammation, Viral conjunctivitis, Bacterial conjunctivitis, Allergic conjunctivitis, Diagnosis, Management, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention.