COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES

Wasim Akhtar*, Saif Alam, Rakhi Verma, Ashish Verma and Atul Pratap Singh

ABSTRACT

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent medical condition characterized by the consistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. This article provides an overview of the causes, symptoms, and various treatment approaches for ED. ED can stem from a combination of physical and psychological factors. Vascular issues, neurological conditions, hormonal imbalances, diabetes, obesity, and medications are among the common physical causes. Stress, anxiety, depression, and relationship problems are examples of psychological factors contributing to ED. The primary symptom of ED is the difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection. Reduced sexual desire, delayed onset of erection, and softer erections may also be observed. Diagnosis involves medical history assessment, physical examination, and potentially diagnostic tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment options for ED range from lifestyle changes to medical interventions. Lifestyle changes include adopting a healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management, and stress reduction techniques. Psychological interventions such as counseling and therapy can address underlying emotional factors. Medical therapies include oral medications like phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, which enhance blood flow to the penis. Injections and suppositories of alprostadil directly promote penile blood flow. Vacuum erection devices use mechanical means to achieve and maintain an erection, while penile implants provide a surgical solution for severe cases. Hormone therapy may be considered if hormonal imbalances are involved. Surgical interventions are reserved for anatomical issues impacting blood flow to the penis.

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