EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OBESITY-INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES- A VICIOUS CYCLE THAT CAN BE BROKEN

*Pappu Harish, Polavarpu Sowjanya, Dr. Achukatla Kumar and Dr. G. P. V. Sangeetha

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a growing problem worldwide, with over 650 million obese adults, and has tripled since 1975. It's caused by excessive body fat due to eating too many calories, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetic susceptibility, leading to health issues such as high cholesterol, blood pressure, and risk of secondary diseases. Type 2 diabetes is a complex illness caused by genetic, environmental, and behavioral risk factors, leading to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. β cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin, which regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats by facilitating the uptake of molecules such as glucose from the bloodstream into the liver, fat, and skeletal muscle cells. High glucose stimulates metabolic pathways, generating oxidative stress and insulin resistance, disruptions in insulin signaling due to excess fatty acids and cytokines. Insulin resistance impairs the body's response to insulin, causing hyperinsulinemia and metabolic problems, including type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance syndrome are clinical indicators of insulin resistance, with specific criteria for diagnosis. It is believed that inflammation plays an important role in regulating metabolism and energy balance, which may lead to new treatments and diagnostic equipment for the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance. Obesity and insulin resistance research have a promising future, with many exciting developments on the horizon. This may entail utilizing multi-omics methods, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms implicated in insulin resistance. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between obesity and the risk of developing insulin resistance, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying this process.

Keywords: Obesity, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Insulin resistance, inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, Metabolic syndrome.