EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF
PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH

( An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal )

An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical, Medical & Biological Sciences

An Official Publication of Society for Advance Healthcare Research (Reg. No. : 01/01/01/31674/16)

European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research (EJPMR) has indexed with various reputed international bodies like : Google Scholar , Indian Science Publications , InfoBase Index (In Process) , SOCOLAR, China , Research Bible, Fuchu, Tokyo. JAPAN , International Society for Research activity (ISRA) , Scientific Indexing Services (SIS) , Polish Scholarly Bibliography , Global Impact Factor (GIF) (Under Process) , Universal Impact Factor , International Scientific Indexing (ISI), UAE  , Index Copernicus , CAS (A Division of American Chemical Society) USA (Under Process) , Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ, Sweden, in process) , UDLedge Science Citation Index , CiteFactor , Directory Of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI) , Indian citation Index (ICI) , Journal Index (JI, Under Process) , Directory of abstract indexing for Journals (DAIJ) , Open Access Journals (Under Process) , Impact Factor Services For International Journals (IFSIJ) , Cosmos Impact Factor , Jour Informatics (Under Process) , Eurasian Scientific Journal Index (ESJI) , International Innovative Journal Impact Factor (IIJIF) , Science Library Index, Dubai, United Arab Emirates , Pubmed Database [NLM ID: 101669306] (Under Process) , IP Indexing (IP Value 2.40) , Web of Science Group (Under Process) , Directory of Research Journals Indexing , Scholar Article Journal Index (SAJI) , International Scientific Indexing ( ISI ) , Scope Database , Academia , 

 ISSN 2394-3211

Impact Factor: 7.065

 ICV - 79.57

Abstract

ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED ANTIBIOTICS IN UNTREATED WASTEWATER AND VEGETABLES IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN FARMS IN EASTERN NAIROBI CITY, KENYA

Scholastica Gatwiri Mathenge*, Wachuka Gathigia Njoroge and Onesmus Muia Mutuku

ABSTRACT

Background: Most urban and peri-urban farmers in Kenya use untreated wastewater to irrigate crops. The vegetables irrigated with this water may accumulate unsafe levels of pharmaceutically active compounds. This poses a health concern to the consumers because of the known health problems such as antimicrobial resistance that may arise from gradual un-intended exposure of the body to antibiotics over prolonged spans of time. The presence of antibiotic residues in the vegetables may lead to initiation of bacterial resistance to the drugs due to the unintended long exposure from the environment. Unlike pesticides used on agricultural land, antibiotics have not aroused attention as potential pollutants until fairly recently. There are no reports on levels of antibiotic residues in untreated wastewater and vegetables in Kenya. This study aimed to determine the concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in untreated waste water and vegetables irrigated with the untreated waste water in Ruai and Njiru suburb farms. Methods: Untreated wastewater and vegetables were collected during the dry season from various sites in Ruai and Njiru from small scale farms along Ngong River. The samples underwent solvent extraction pre-analysis. The antibiotic residues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: In the untreated wastewater sulfamethoxazole (SMX) concentration ranged from 62.09 to 88.66 ng/kg while the levels of trimethoprim ranged from 24/71 to 24.99 ng/kg. The vegetables TMP concentration ranged from 2.16 to 15.45 ng/kg while the sulfamethoxazole levels ranged from 4.93-22.64 ng/kg. Conclusion: The wastewater used for irrigation was contaminated with the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. These antibiotics detected in the untreated wastewater were also present in the vegetable and therefore it can be concluded that it is not safe to consume vegetables contaminated with the antibiotic even though it is in small quantities because it will lead to undue exposure and tolerenca build-up by microbes resulting in resistance to the drugs that have residues in the environment.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Untreated waste water, Vegetables.


[Full Text Article] [Download Certificate]

Citation

  All Since 2019
 Citation  3086  2560
 h-index  18  17
 i10-index  64  44

INDEXING

NEWS & UPDATION

  • New Issue Published

    Its Our pleasure to inform you that, EJPMR 1 March 2024 Issue has been Published, Kindly check it on https://www.ejpmr.com/issue

  • EJPMR: MARCH ISSUE PUBLISHED

    MARCH 2024 issue has been successfully launched on MARCH 2024.

  • EJPMR New Impact Factor

    EJPMR Impact Factor has been Increased to 7.065 for Year 2024.

  • Index Copernicus Value

    EJPMR Received Index Copernicus Value 79.57, due to High Quality Publication in EJPMR at International Level

  • Journal web site support Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Saffari for easy download of article without any trouble.

    .

  • Article Invited for Publication

    Article are invited for publication in EJPMR Coming Issue

Google Scholar Indian Science Publications InfoBase Index (In Process) SOCOLAR, China Research Bible, Fuchu, Tokyo. JAPAN International Society for Research activity (ISRA) Scientific Indexing Services (SIS) Polish Scholarly Bibliography Global Impact Factor (GIF) (Under Process) Universal Impact Factor International Scientific Indexing (ISI), UAE Index Copernicus CAS (A Division of American Chemical Society) USA (Under Process) Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ, Sweden, in process) UDLedge Science Citation Index CiteFactor Directory Of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI) Indian citation Index (ICI) Journal Index (JI, Under Process) Directory of abstract indexing for Journals (DAIJ) Open Access Journals (Under Process) Impact Factor Services For International Journals (IFSIJ) Cosmos Impact Factor Jour Informatics (Under Process) Eurasian Scientific Journal Index (ESJI) International Innovative Journal Impact Factor (IIJIF) Science Library Index, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Pubmed Database [NLM ID: 101669306] (Under Process) IP Indexing (IP Value 2.40) Web of Science Group (Under Process) Directory of Research Journals Indexing Scholar Article Journal Index (SAJI) International Scientific Indexing ( ISI ) Scope Database Academia